From 870, Yemen became virtually independent under a line of hereditary governors. These gave way to a succession of independent dynasties ruling in that area, often more than one at the same time and representing different sects. These only loosely acknowledged the overlordship of the caliph, if at all.Mecca and Medina have also come...
دیگر نام[ترمیم]قرامطی (مذہباً اسماعیلی شیعہ)کو باطنیہ بھی کہا جاتا ہے۔ انہیں مختلف علاقوں میں مختلف ناموں سے جانا جاتا تھا۔ حلب و مصر میں انہیں اسماعیلی کہتے تھے، قم، کاشان اور طبرستان میں سبعی، بغداد و ما وراء النہر اور غزنی میں قرمطی کہا جاتا تھا، کوفہ میں مبارکی مشہور تھے، بصرہ میں روندی...
The military power of the Qarmatian tribes was suppressed by local Sunni tribes in the late 11th century. The Bedouin peoples of the desert retain their de facto independence from all external authority, however.The Ayyubids of Egypt invaded Yemen in 1173 and established their dominance there.Oman was ruled by the Seljuqs for about a...
An Ayyubid governor of Yemen established his independence in 1229, and founded the Rasulid dynasty. The Rasulids were active patrons of Islamic art and learning, and under them Yemen became a major centre of Muslim culture. Their stable rule encouraged trade to pass through Yemen, and it prospered as a result. However, by the mid-15th century...
In 1517, the Ottomans had come in from the west, bringing the Hejaz, with the Holy Cities of Mecca and Medina, under their control (though leaving local rulers, such as the Ali dynasty in the Hejaz, largely free to govern as their liked). This inaugurated a period of prosperity for the Holy Cities of...
Oman won control of the Indian Ocean coast of East Africa as far as Zanzibar. However, internal instability led to a Persian invasion in 1737, and Omani maritime influence dwindled. The Omanis drove the Persians out again in 1749, under the leadership of Ahmad ibn Sa’id, who established the Sa’id dynasty.The 18th century has seen...
In 1806 the Wahhabi movement, headed by the Saud family, captured Mecca. This prompted Muhammed Ali, the Ottoman viceroy of Egypt, to invade the Arabian peninsula in strength. He recaptured Mecca, drove the Wahhabis back into the desert, captured their capital of Riyadh, and executed the Saudi leader. In 1824, however, another Saudi leader...
The Saudi-led Wahhabi kingdom soon descended into chaos in fratricidal fighting within the ruling family, allowing another family, the al-Rasheed's, to rise to power. These captured the Saudi capital of Riyadh and conquered a large in northern Arabia.In Yemen, the British captured the port of Aden in 1839, as a base from which to...
In northern Arabia, the al-Rasheed's became pre-occupied by a struggle with the sheikdom of Kuwait, and this allowed the Saudis to recapture their old capital, Riyadh, and much of their earlier territory.In the 1880s, having tightened their control over Iraq, Ottoman forces conquered down into the Arabian peninsula, as far as south as Qatar....
With the outbreak of World War 1, Kuwait became a British protectorate, to safeguard it from an Ottoman invasion. The Hejaz drove the Ottomans out, with British support (notably under “Lawrence of Arabia”); and the Saudis fought the pro-Ottoman al-Rasheed's. In the years after the war, the Saudis occupied all of what would become...